This review article explains the networks that the trunk in vertebrates with limbs, and also how the central nervous system acts dynamically on the musculoskeletal system.

Guillaud E, et al. Locomotion and dynamic posture: neuro-evolutionary basis of bipedal gait. Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology (2020),  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2020.10.012

KEY POINTS: LOCOMOTION & DYNAMIC POSTURE

• Dynamic control of gait is supported by:
  
  • Locomotor activity that is produced by specialized rhythmogenic spinal circuits called central pattern generators (CPGs), and which cyclically drive axial and leg muscle activity (p.8)
  • Posture control systems which involve long spinal/supraspinal loops, and the integration of various sensory inputs (e.g. proprioceptive, visual and vestibular) at various supraspinal levels resulting in long latency responses (p.8).
    
    
• Dynamic balance in limbed vertebrates requires proper coordination of all...

This transcript includes highlights from the live, interactive session of our Clinical Conversation: What is a Neutral Head Position? 

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WHAT DO WE MEAN BY NEUTRAL? 

• The optimal alignment of a joint.
  • A position of efficiency.
• The position of a joint where the bones that make up the joint are placed in the optimal position for maximal movement.
• The midrange of a joint, where there is the least amount of load on the ligaments and non-muscular tissues around the joint.
  • Stabilizing muscles are working...